Reader guide · 15 released stories
Evidence at a glance
Start with the outcome a study actually measured. Then keep the population, design, bottom line, and boundary together.
Reading key
Keep four questions together.
- Question
- What intervention or exposure was examined?
- Context
- Who or what was studied, and how?
- Outcome
- What did the released evidence report?
- Boundary
- What does the story explicitly not establish?
Outcome group
Function & independence
What changed in mobility, sleep, strength, bone density, or day-to-day function?
exercise · physical function · healthy aging
Exercise has strong evidence for function—not proof of slower biological aging
Human function · mature randomized evidence
mature randomized evidence
Human trials support mobility and physical function in defined populations. Lifespan and biological-age claims require separate evidence.
Exercise has strong evidence for function—not proof of slower biological aging
Story metadata verified
LIFTMOR · resistance training · bone density
LIFTMOR improved bone density in a small supervised trial—not fracture prevention
Human BMD and function · small supervised randomized trial
small supervised randomized trial
LIFTMOR found BMD and function gains in a small, screened, closely supervised trial—not fracture prevention or proof that unsupervised heavy training is safe.
LIFTMOR improved bone density in a small supervised trial—not fracture prevention
Story metadata verified
CBT-I · insomnia · older adults
CBT-I improves later-life insomnia—not aging itself
Human sleep outcomes · randomized behavioral trials
randomized behavioral trials
Two randomized trials support meaningful sleep improvement in older adults; they did not test dementia prevention, biological aging or lifespan.
CBT-I improves later-life insomnia—not aging itself
Story metadata verified
Outcome group
Disease & clinical events
What changed in cardiovascular events, fractures, or other clinical outcomes?
CPAP · obstructive sleep apnea · cardiovascular outcomes
CPAP improved symptoms—not cardiovascular events in major trials
Human cardiovascular and symptom outcomes · large randomized trials
large randomized trials
SAVE and ISAACC did not significantly reduce their primary cardiovascular outcomes; SAVE separately found symptom and quality-of-life benefits.
CPAP improved symptoms—not cardiovascular events in major trials
Story metadata verified
blood pressure · cardiovascular disease · cognitive aging
SPRINT reduced cardiovascular events—not aging itself
Human clinical outcomes · large randomized trial
large randomized trial
Intensive treatment lowered cardiovascular events and mortality in eligible high-risk adults, with more hypotension, electrolyte problems and kidney injury.
SPRINT reduced cardiovascular events—not aging itself
Story metadata verified
zoledronic acid · osteoporosis · fractures
Zoledronic acid reduced fractures in osteoporosis—not aging itself
Human fracture outcomes · large randomized trial
large randomized trial
HORIZON reduced vertebral and hip fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis, with outcome-specific duration and safety limits—not evidence of slower aging.
Zoledronic acid reduced fractures in osteoporosis—not aging itself
Story metadata verified
Outcome group
Cognition & dementia
What changed on cognitive tests, trained abilities, or dementia-related outcomes?
FINGER · cognitive aging · multidomain intervention
FINGER slightly improved cognitive-test scores. It did not prove dementia prevention
Human cognitive tests · randomized multidomain trial
randomized multidomain trial
A combined two-year program produced a small cognitive-test advantage; it cannot identify a winning component or establish dementia, disability, mortality, healthspan, or lifespan benefit.
FINGER slightly improved cognitive-test scores. It did not prove dementia prevention
Story metadata verified
MIND diet · cognitive aging · dietary patterns
The MIND diet trial found no cognitive edge over its active control
Human cognition and MRI · randomized dietary trial
randomized dietary trial
Both groups improved with counseling and calorie restriction; the between-group cognitive difference was not significant and MRI measures were similar.
The MIND diet trial found no cognitive edge over its active control
Story metadata verified
cognitive training · ACTIVE · dementia evidence
Cognitive training improved practiced skills—not survival or proven dementia prevention
Human trained abilities and long-term outcomes · randomized trial plus disputed secondary analysis
randomized trial plus disputed secondary analysis
ACTIVE supports trained-ability gains and some function signals, found no mortality benefit, and leaves a claims-based dementia subgroup methodologically disputed.
Cognitive training improved practiced skills—not survival or proven dementia prevention
Story metadata verified
Outcome group
Biomarkers & measurements
What changed in a measurement, and what did that measurement not prove?
epigenetic clocks · DNA methylation · biomarkers
What an epigenetic clock can—and cannot—tell you
Biomarker methods · human validation evidence
human validation evidence
Different clocks target different constructs. A score is not a diagnosis, and changing it does not prove longer life.
What an epigenetic clock can—and cannot—tell you
Story metadata verified
NAD biology · supplements · biomarkers
NAD precursors raise some metabolites; human longevity benefits remain unproven
Human biomarkers · small trials
small trials
Small trials show target engagement, not broad clinical, healthspan or lifespan benefit—and products and routes are not interchangeable.
NAD precursors raise some metabolites; human longevity benefits remain unproven
Story metadata verified
multivitamins · cognitive aging · epigenetic clocks
Multivitamins moved some tests and aging clocks. What does that mean?
Human cognitive tests and biomarkers · correlated randomized substudies
correlated randomized substudies
COSMOS found small cognitive-test differences and modest movement in two DNA-methylation clocks; neither establishes dementia prevention or longer life.
Multivitamins moved some tests and aging clocks. What does that mean?
Story metadata verified
Outcome group
Mortality, healthspan & lifespan
Was survival or longer healthy life actually measured?
partial reprogramming · gene therapy · optic nerve
Partial-reprogramming trial is testing eye-treatment safety—not human rejuvenation
Early human safety trial · no results yet
no results yet
A recruiting Phase 1 eye study asks whether ER-100 can be administered safely. It has no posted human efficacy results and does not test lifespan.
Partial-reprogramming trial is testing eye-treatment safety—not human rejuvenation
Story metadata verified
rapamycin · mTOR · clinical trials
PEARL trial found no change in its main visceral-fat outcome
Human outcomes · small randomized trial
small randomized trial
The 48-week randomized trial reported a null primary outcome, exploratory signals and substantial limits on broader healthy-aging claims.
PEARL trial found no change in its main visceral-fat outcome
Story metadata verified
calorie restriction · metabolism · biomarkers
CALERIE tested calorie restriction for two years—not human lifespan
Human outcomes and biomarkers · randomized trial
randomized trial
A randomized trial found selected cardiometabolic improvements, while aging-biomarker results were mixed and lifespan was not measured.
CALERIE tested calorie restriction for two years—not human lifespan
Story metadata verified
Method
Built from released coverage, not a new evidence review.
Every row mirrors the canonical title, summary, evidence scope, topic labels, route, and verification date of an already-published story. Open the story for sources, populations, endpoints, limitations, conflicts, funding, and safety context.
Read the editorial standards