Browse 42 claims already released across 3 source-reviewed topic maps. Every card keeps population, comparator, outcome, evidence role, result, limits, funding/conflicts, correction state and source identity together.
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At 13 years, colorectal-cancer mortality was 106/28,217 (0.41%) versus 236/56,366 (0.47%); RR 0.88 (95% CI 0.68–1.08), so reduction was not demonstrated.
84,583 men and women age 55–64 in Norway, Poland and Sweden
Comparator
Invitation to one screening colonoscopy versus no screening invitation
Outcome
colorectal-cancer mortality
Design and maturity
Randomized invitation trial with corrected 13-year follow-up
Result
At 13 years, colorectal-cancer mortality was 106/28,217 (0.41%) versus 236/56,366 (0.47%); RR 0.88 (95% CI 0.68–1.08), so reduction was not demonstrated.
Boundary
Does not establish benefit, harm or all-cause longevity effect.
Limitations
Lower-than-expected mortality reduced event information; no demonstrated difference is not proof of equivalence.
Funding and conflicts
Public and cancer-organization funding; author research support and endoscopy-industry consulting, honoraria or equipment relationships.
Correction state
PMID 42102826 has published erratum PMID 42119586; only core current-record outcomes are authorized and subgroup/location claims are excluded.
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Across rounds, 24.2% of LDCT and 6.9% of radiography screens were positive; 96.4% and 94.5% of positives were false positives under the trial definition.
53,454 adults age 55–74 with at least 30 pack-years who currently smoked or had quit within 15 years
Comparator
Three annual low-dose CT screens versus chest radiography
Outcome
positive and false-positive screens
Design and maturity
Large randomized screening trial with extended mortality follow-up
Result
Across rounds, 24.2% of LDCT and 6.9% of radiography screens were positive; 96.4% and 94.5% of positives were false positives under the trial definition.
Boundary
Does not mean 96.4% of all screened people had a false positive or that modern rates are identical.
Limitations
Trial definitions and management predate current protocols.
Funding and conflicts
NCI/NIH-sponsored; ACRIN/NCI/NIH institutional grants and named outside relationships including LUNGevity, Siemens and Veracyte.
Correction state
No correction, retraction or expression of concern found; comments are not corrections.
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At median 12.3 years, lung-cancer deaths were 1,147 versus 1,236 (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.85–1.00); all-cause difference 4.2 per 1,000 (95% CI −2.6 to 10.9).
53,454 adults age 55–74 with at least 30 pack-years who currently smoked or had quit within 15 years
Comparator
Three annual low-dose CT screens versus chest radiography
Outcome
lung-cancer and all-cause mortality
Design and maturity
Large randomized screening trial with extended mortality follow-up
Result
At median 12.3 years, lung-cancer deaths were 1,147 versus 1,236 (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.85–1.00); all-cause difference 4.2 per 1,000 (95% CI −2.6 to 10.9).
Boundary
Does not demonstrate a precise all-cause or longevity benefit.
Limitations
Adjusted estimates are secondary; the all-cause interval includes no difference.
Funding and conflicts
NCI/NIH-sponsored; ACRIN/NCI/NIH institutional grants and named outside relationships including LUNGevity, Siemens and Veracyte.
Correction state
No correction, retraction or expression of concern found; comments are not corrections.
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Current 2021 USPSTF guidance covers age 50–80, at least 20 pack-years, current smoking or quitting within 15 years, and stop conditions—different from NLST.
53,454 adults age 55–74 with at least 30 pack-years who currently smoked or had quit within 15 years
Comparator
Three annual low-dose CT screens versus chest radiography
Outcome
dated population recommendation
Design and maturity
Large randomized screening trial with extended mortality follow-up
Result
Current 2021 USPSTF guidance covers age 50–80, at least 20 pack-years, current smoking or quitting within 15 years, and stop conditions—different from NLST.
Boundary
Does not prescribe screening or replace an individual clinical decision.
Limitations
Guidance can change and considers preference, health status and ability to undergo treatment.
Funding and conflicts
NCI/NIH-sponsored; ACRIN/NCI/NIH institutional grants and named outside relationships including LUNGevity, Siemens and Veracyte.
Correction state
No correction, retraction or expression of concern found; comments are not corrections.
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42,376 men age 55–74 in ERSPC Rotterdam; primary analysis in 34,831 men age 55–69
Comparator
Invitation to PSA-based screening about every four years versus control
Outcome
section-specific screening program
Design and maturity
Randomized screening program with long section-specific follow-up
Result
The 21-year focal evidence is the Rotterdam ERSPC section using repeated PSA-based screening about every four years.
Boundary
Does not establish the effect of one PSA test or a modern MRI-led pathway.
Limitations
Center protocols and contamination differed; this is not a uniform multicenter 21-year estimate.
Funding and conflicts
Dutch Cancer Society, Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development, Dutch Cancer Research Foundation, and an unconditional Beckman-Coulter-Hybritech grant; focal paper reports no author conflicts.
Correction state
No correction, retraction or expression of concern found; a later comment is not a correction.
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42,376 men age 55–74 in ERSPC Rotterdam; primary analysis in 34,831 men age 55–69
Comparator
Invitation to PSA-based screening about every four years versus control
Outcome
cancer-specific mortality and metastatic disease
Design and maturity
Randomized screening program with long section-specific follow-up
Result
In the primary age group, prostate-cancer mortality RR was 0.73 (95% CI 0.61–0.88) and metastatic prostate cancer RR was 0.67 (95% CI 0.58–0.78).
Boundary
Does not establish lower all-cause mortality, longer life or net benefit for everyone.
Limitations
Cancer-specific mortality was primary; metastatic disease secondary.
Funding and conflicts
Dutch Cancer Society, Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development, Dutch Cancer Research Foundation, and an unconditional Beckman-Coulter-Hybritech grant; focal paper reports no author conflicts.
Correction state
No correction, retraction or expression of concern found; a later comment is not a correction.
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42,376 men age 55–74 in ERSPC Rotterdam; primary analysis in 34,831 men age 55–69
Comparator
Invitation to PSA-based screening about every four years versus control
Outcome
endpoint hierarchy
Design and maturity
Randomized screening program with long section-specific follow-up
Result
The paper treated all-cause death as competing-risk context rather than demonstrating an all-cause screening effect.
Boundary
Does not justify a longevity headline or claim screening extends life.
Limitations
Cancer-specific benefit can coexist with harms and no measured all-cause effect.
Funding and conflicts
Dutch Cancer Society, Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development, Dutch Cancer Research Foundation, and an unconditional Beckman-Coulter-Hybritech grant; focal paper reports no author conflicts.
Correction state
No correction, retraction or expression of concern found; a later comment is not a correction.
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Rotterdam reported 57 excess prostate-cancer diagnoses per 1,000 randomized to screening; across five ERSPC centers, 17.8% of screened men had at least one false positive.
42,376 men age 55–74 in ERSPC Rotterdam; primary analysis in 34,831 men age 55–69
Comparator
Invitation to PSA-based screening about every four years versus control
Outcome
excess diagnosis and false positives
Design and maturity
Randomized screening program with long section-specific follow-up
Result
Rotterdam reported 57 excess prostate-cancer diagnoses per 1,000 randomized to screening; across five ERSPC centers, 17.8% of screened men had at least one false positive.
Boundary
Does not mean every additional diagnosis is harmful or that cancer-specific benefit erases urinary, sexual and other harms.
Limitations
Excess diagnosis is not identical to overdiagnosis in every case; biopsy and treatment harms need separate evidence.
Funding and conflicts
Dutch Cancer Society, Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development, Dutch Cancer Research Foundation, and an unconditional Beckman-Coulter-Hybritech grant; focal paper reports no author conflicts.
Correction state
No correction, retraction or expression of concern found; a later comment is not a correction.
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42,376 men age 55–74 in ERSPC Rotterdam; primary analysis in 34,831 men age 55–69
Comparator
Invitation to PSA-based screening about every four years versus control
Outcome
older-at-randomization cancer-specific mortality
Design and maturity
Randomized screening program with long section-specific follow-up
Result
Among men randomized at age 70 or older, prostate-cancer mortality RR was 1.18 (95% CI 0.87–1.62), with no demonstrated difference.
Boundary
Does not prove harm, equivalence or an individualized cutoff.
Limitations
Imprecise subgroup estimate from a historical screening pathway.
Funding and conflicts
Dutch Cancer Society, Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development, Dutch Cancer Research Foundation, and an unconditional Beckman-Coulter-Hybritech grant; focal paper reports no author conflicts.
Correction state
No correction, retraction or expression of concern found; a later comment is not a correction.
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Current final USPSTF guidance remains the 2018 statement: individual decision-making at age 55–69 and no PSA-based screening at age 70 or older; an update is in progress.
42,376 men age 55–74 in ERSPC Rotterdam; primary analysis in 34,831 men age 55–69
Comparator
Invitation to PSA-based screening about every four years versus control
Outcome
dated population recommendation
Design and maturity
Randomized screening program with long section-specific follow-up
Result
Current final USPSTF guidance remains the 2018 statement: individual decision-making at age 55–69 and no PSA-based screening at age 70 or older; an update is in progress.
Boundary
Does not provide personalized advice or guarantee the statement will remain unchanged.
Limitations
Update page last updated December 21, 2023 is not a replacement final recommendation.
Funding and conflicts
Dutch Cancer Society, Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development, Dutch Cancer Research Foundation, and an unconditional Beckman-Coulter-Hybritech grant; focal paper reports no author conflicts.
Correction state
No correction, retraction or expression of concern found; a later comment is not a correction.
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At 15 years, cumulative diabetes incidence was 55% with lifestyle, 56% with metformin and 62% with placebo; hazard ratios were 0.73 and 0.82 versus placebo.
Adults with impaired glucose tolerance and BMI at least 24 kg/m² in the original DPP cohort
Comparator
Intensive lifestyle or metformin versus placebo
Outcome
Diabetes incidence
Design and maturity
Long randomized follow-up with diabetes incidence benefit and an overall null aggregate microvascular comparison
Result
At 15 years, cumulative diabetes incidence was 55% with lifestyle, 56% with metformin and 62% with placebo; hazard ratios were 0.73 and 0.82 versus placebo.
Boundary
No demonstrated cardiovascular, mortality, healthspan or lifespan benefit
Limitations
Post-DPP lifestyle exposure across groups, unmasked follow-up treatment and diminishing separation
Funding and conflicts
NIDDK/NIH support; governing paper declares no conflicts.
Correction state
No linked correction/retraction; DPPOS registry status stale
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Overall aggregate microvascular prevalence did not differ significantly by original randomized group: 11.3% lifestyle, 13.0% metformin and 12.4% placebo.
Aggregate retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy prevalence
Design and maturity
Long randomized follow-up with diabetes incidence benefit and an overall null aggregate microvascular comparison
Result
Overall aggregate microvascular prevalence did not differ significantly by original randomized group: 11.3% lifestyle, 13.0% metformin and 12.4% placebo.
Boundary
No overall randomized microvascular benefit
Limitations
End-study prevalence composite and shared lifestyle exposure
Funding and conflicts
NIDDK/NIH support; governing paper declares no conflicts.
Correction state
No linked correction/retraction; DPPOS registry status stale
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Self-reported but not adjudicated fracture rates differed; a 2014 correction added hospitalization for angina to one secondary-composite label without changing the primary result.
Large randomized cardiovascular-outcome trial stopped for futility
Result
Self-reported but not adjudicated fracture rates differed; a 2014 correction added hospitalization for angina to one secondary-composite label without changing the primary result.
Boundary
No general fracture harm or change to the governing cardiovascular conclusion
Limitations
Secondary safety outcome and reporting-method difference
Funding and conflicts
NIH/HHS and listed institutional/corporate support; corporate supporters reportedly had no design, analysis or reporting role; disclosures linked.
Correction state
2014 correction incorporated
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ACCORD randomized 10,251 high-risk adults with type 2 diabetes to multi-drug strategies targeting HbA1c below 6.0% or 7.0–7.9%; achieved medians were 6.4% and 7.5%.
Adults with established type 2 diabetes plus cardiovascular disease or added risk factors
Comparator
Intensive multi-drug glycemia target strategy versus standard strategy
Outcome
HbA1c target and achieved levels
Design and maturity
Large randomized cardiovascular-outcome trial with an early-stopped intensive glycemia arm
Result
ACCORD randomized 10,251 high-risk adults with type 2 diabetes to multi-drug strategies targeting HbA1c below 6.0% or 7.0–7.9%; achieved medians were 6.4% and 7.5%.
Boundary
No effect estimate for people without diabetes or any single treatment
Limitations
Selected high-risk population and multi-drug strategy
Funding and conflicts
NHLBI/NIH/CDC support; manufacturers supplied medicines/equipment and multiple author industry relationships were disclosed.
Correction state
No linked correction/retraction
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Assistance-requiring hypoglycemia and weight gain over 10 kg were more frequent; hypoglycemia did not explain the mortality difference and a different intensive strategy in ADVANCE did not increase mortality.
ACCORD cohort with independent ADVANCE countercontext
Comparator
Different intensive and standard glucose-control strategies
Outcome
Safety and applicability
Design and maturity
Large randomized cardiovascular-outcome trial with an early-stopped intensive glycemia arm
Result
Assistance-requiring hypoglycemia and weight gain over 10 kg were more frequent; hypoglycemia did not explain the mortality difference and a different intensive strategy in ADVANCE did not increase mortality.
Boundary
No single causal mechanism or cross-trial efficacy ranking
Limitations
Mechanism remains unresolved and trials differ materially
Funding and conflicts
NHLBI/NIH/CDC support; manufacturers supplied medicines/equipment and multiple author industry relationships were disclosed.
Correction state
No linked correction/retraction
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